{"id":25547,"date":"2022-01-17T12:58:21","date_gmt":"2022-01-17T12:58:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/medicinal-products\/multivitaminici\/"},"modified":"2026-05-29T15:57:11","modified_gmt":"2026-05-29T14:57:11","slug":"multivitamins","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/en\/medicinal-products\/multivitamins\/","title":{"rendered":"Multivitamins"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"25547\" class=\"elementor elementor-25547 elementor-975\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-026a739 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"026a739\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1705a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a1705a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Multivitamins<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-467a147 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"467a147\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2060 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfe2060\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0dc1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0dc1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Multivitamins for dogs and cats: a guide<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0d9564 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c0d9564\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d153ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"2d153ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"container\" data-elementor-id=\"29242\" class=\"elementor elementor-29242 elementor-28050 elementor-28050\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39bfc6d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"39bfc6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:90,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c303ce pa-whole-link-yes premium-icon-box-whole-text-yes animated-fast premium-icon-box-flex-top premium-icon-box-cta-bottom pa-link-icon-after elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-premium-addon-icon-box\" data-id=\"5c303ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"premium-addon-icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-icon-box-container-in\" >\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-icon-box-icon-container\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-icon-wrapper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-icon-box-content-wrap\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-icon-box-text-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"premium-icon-box-title\">PRODUCTS\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-icon-box-more\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"premium-icon-box-more-icon fas fa-chevron-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#products\" class=\"premium-icon-box-whole-link\"><span>PRODUCTS<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c078ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9c078ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f362563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f362563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Just like humans, dogs and cats also need an adequate supply of vitamins to enjoy optimal health. It can be said that <strong>vitamins are the basis of life itself<\/strong>. Many are physiologically present in the body but can become deficient in stressful situations.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Since a deficiency can affect the health of the entire organism, with serious consequences, <strong>it is advisable to always ensure that your pets receive an optimal supply of vitamins<\/strong> by providing them with a healthy, balanced diet and possible supplementation with specific multivitamin products for dogs and cats.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64de2f1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"64de2f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d26196 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d26196\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c46dbff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c46dbff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Vitamins for dogs and cats: when are they necessary?<\/strong><\/h2><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dogs and cats may need vitamin supplementation in many circumstances, including:<\/p><ul style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><li><strong>sport, work and intense physical exertion<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>ageing and senescence<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>young growing individuals<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>pregnancy and breastfeeding<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>anorexia and lack of appetite<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>pathological conditions<\/strong>, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), liver disease, chronic renal failure (CRI), chronic heart failure (CCI)<\/li><li><strong>surgery<\/strong>, e.g. gastrectomy<\/li><li><strong>drug therapies<\/strong>, e.g. diuretics and antibiotics<\/li><li><strong>integration of homemade diet<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7783969 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7783969\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e59d43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2e59d43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vitamine-per-cani-debilitati.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-10483\" alt=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vitamine-per-cani-debilitati.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vitamine-per-cani-debilitati-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vitamine-per-cani-debilitati-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e3f4d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0e3f4d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6985d89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6985d89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-056584d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"056584d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Homemade diet: is vitamin supplementation necessary?<\/strong><\/h2><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Animals who are fed a homemade diet require vitamin (and mineral, as well) supplementation, which, however, must be appropriate to the diet. <\/strong>Unfortunately, <strong>most homemade diets <\/strong>prepared by pet owners without prior veterinary consultation<strong> are not complete and properly balanced<\/strong>. A survey carried out in 2013 (Stockman, Fascetti, Kass, Larsen, \u201cEvaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs\u201d, <em>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association<\/em>, 2013) showed that, out of 200 recipes analysed, only 9 met the nutritional standards set by international guidelines and were able to provide adequate amounts of all essential nutrients. The survey also showed that 83% of the diets were deficient in more than one essential nutrient to the animal&#8217;s well-being.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c2cef2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c2cef2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e81574 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e81574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/dieta-casalinga-cane.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-10485\" alt=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/dieta-casalinga-cane.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/dieta-casalinga-cane-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/dieta-casalinga-cane-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f519fe3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f519fe3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3736702 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3736702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The most common and most dangerous nutritional imbalances involve vitamins and minerals <\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">in which most homemade diets, generally consisting of meat or fish with added grains, vegetables and oils, are deficient.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">This does not necessarily mean that commercial diets are better and to be preferred to home diets. However, <strong>if pet owners decide to opt for a homemade diet<\/strong> and cook for their pets, <strong>it is necessary to consult\u00a0 veterinarian<\/strong>, preferably an expert in nutrition, who is able to prepare correctly balanced diets that preserve and support the animal\u2019s health.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eabbaf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eabbaf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h2><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">What are the consequences of vitamin deficiency?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2><\/div><div><p><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Vitamin deficiencies can be either acute or subclinical<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. <strong>Over time, they can lead to metabolic dysfunctions that may cause a variety of diseases<\/strong>, including some that are not directly attributable to avitaminosis.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62b41f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"62b41f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec280d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec280d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-113e301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"113e301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/multivitaminico-per-cani.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-10487\" alt=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/multivitaminico-per-cani.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/multivitaminico-per-cani-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/multivitaminico-per-cani-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-163e64b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"163e64b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abdca95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"abdca95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vitamine-per-gatto.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-10489\" alt=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vitamine-per-gatto.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vitamine-per-gatto-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vitamine-per-gatto-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d70cabe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d70cabe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03e1702 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03e1702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>What vitamins do dogs and cats need?<\/strong><\/h2><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vitamins are divided into two groups: water-soluble and fat-soluble.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Fat-soluble vitamins<\/strong>, which have this name because they can dissolve in fat, <strong>can be accumulated in the body,<\/strong> especially in the liver and adipose tissue. Their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is facilitated by the presence of lipids.<br \/>This group includes:<\/p><ul style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><li><strong>Vitamin A<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Vitamin D<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Vitamin K.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Water-soluble vitamins<\/strong>, so called because of their high solubility in water, differ from fat-soluble vitamins in that they do not require the presence of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract to be absorbed. Also, <strong>they are used up more quickly as they are not accumulated in the body<\/strong> and are easily excreted with urine. As a consequence, <strong>their deficiency is more common.<\/strong><strong><br \/><\/strong>This group includes:<\/p><ul style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><li><strong>B vitamins<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Vitamin C.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9570c8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9570c8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h3><span lang=\"EN-GB\">B vitamins<\/span><\/h3><\/div><div><p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">All vitamins belonging to this group are<strong> essential for pets <\/strong>and they <strong>must be consumed through the diet<\/strong> to meet their requirements. B vitamins have multiple functions in the body: they play a well-known and key role in <strong>\u00a0glucose, lipid and protein metabolism <\/strong>and in the<strong> proper functioning of cellular mechanisms for energy production<\/strong>. For this reason, their proper intake should never be neglected. Given the close interdependence between B vitamins, a deficiency or increased need for one of them can adversely affect the balance of the entire group, which is why <strong>supplementation of all B vitamins rather than just one is always advisable<\/strong>. <strong>In situations of stress or more or less intense work, the need for B vitamins can increase by two to five times<\/strong>. In these cases, a decrease <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">of the level <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">of these vitamins in the blood can lead to a weaker immune system (e.g. decreased antibody production), as all B vitamins &#8211; along with C and D vitamins &#8211; are involved in immunological processes. Certain pathological conditions (e.g. intestinal malabsorption, chronic kidney disease, etc.) and pharmacological treatments (with diuretics such as furosemide, with antibiotics, etc.) can also cause a depletion of B vitamins. As they cannot be stored as reserves, it is essential that <strong>their intake <\/strong>is<strong> continuous and quantitatively adequate. <\/strong>Therefore, B vitamins should always be supplemented in stressful situations.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e39c4c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e39c4c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f83b653 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f83b653\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-017c6d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"017c6d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vitamin B1<br> (Thiamine)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c725fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c725fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a095b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a095b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Within the body, it is transformed into the coenzyme called thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which<strong> participates in important reactions in the energy metabolism of many cells of the body<\/strong>, in particular in the tissues of the central nervous system and heart. The main clinical signs associated with its <strong>deficiency <\/strong>are<strong> fatigue, muscle weakness and lactic acidosis, neurological symptoms and convulsions, mobility issues, vision impairment and gastrointestinal symptoms. <\/strong>Chronic and undiagnosed avitaminosis can even lead to death. <strong>Cats <\/strong>need three times the quantity of thiamine than dogs, and they are <strong>much more prone to its deficiency<\/strong>. Thiamine deficiency syndrome in cats is observed in individuals fed exclusively on cooked meat; the most obvious clinical sign is the <strong>ventroflexion of the neck<\/strong>.<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-335091d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"335091d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2a0cb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e2a0cb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2705f0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2705f0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vitamin B2<br>  (Riboflavin)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ec0cdd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ec0cdd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a153e62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a153e62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is present in the body in the form of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), coenzymes involved in numerous metabolic pathways, including <strong>the synthesis and catabolism of amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates. <\/strong>Adequate intake of vitamin B2 and zinc is essential to<strong> counteract muscular lactic acidosis<\/strong>. Vitamin B2<strong>deficiency <\/strong>leads to severe alterations in normal cell trophism, and, in dogs and cats, it can cause the appearance of<strong> non-specific symptoms such as anorexia, weight loss, weakness, dermatitis and eye lesions <\/strong>(e.g. cataracts).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a387ac5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a387ac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6606842 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6606842\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10ea09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c10ea09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vitamin B6 <br>(Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1ed19e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1ed19e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e37b0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e37b0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The name Vitamin B6 refers to Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal and Pyridoxamine. These are all precursors of the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in transamination, deamination and decarboxylation reactions and <strong>is essential for the <\/strong>\u00a0<strong>metabolism of proteins, fatty acids and carbohydrates<\/strong>. Vitamin B6<strong> deficiency <\/strong>leads to<strong> dermatitis, anaemia, neuritis with demyelination of peripheral nerves and epileptiform convulsions.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b243c6b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b243c6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f7e18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93f7e18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe486f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fe486f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vitamin PP<br>  (Niacin)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f99cf8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f99cf8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abe1e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abe1e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Niacin exerts its biological activity in the form of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). <strong>It plays an important role in mitochondrial respiration<\/strong> and is crucial for the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids. A small proportion of vitamin PP is synthesised by the intestinal flora, but this amount is not enough to meet the body\u2019s requirements. <strong>Its deficiency initially causes non-specific symptoms <\/strong>such as tiredness, lack of appetite and weakness. <strong>It then causes clinical signs of the skin, gastrointestinal tract and CNS, manifesting as dermatitis, dementia and bloody diarrhoea.\u00a0 <\/strong>In particular, <strong>dermatitis appears early and is characterised by hyperpigmentation and hyperplasia of the skin<\/strong> in areas exposed to light. In humans, this clinical manifestation is known as pellagra. Hypersalivation, inflammation and ulcers of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa are also observed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3c12d1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e3c12d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6df88eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6df88eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6281f0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6281f0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vitamin B5 <br> (Pantothenic acid)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-214a579 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"214a579\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9e45f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9e45f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a component of coenzyme A (CoA) and is <strong>essential for energy metabolism and for steroid synthesis. <\/strong>Thus,<strong> it plays a fundamental role in states of stress and fatigue<\/strong>, when its requirement increases enormously. In dogs and cats, its <strong>deficiency<\/strong> results in <strong>neuromuscular degeneration and adrenocortical insufficiency <\/strong>, shown by <strong>weakness and apathy<\/strong>, accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms, lack of appetite, weight loss or retarded growth. Hepatic lipidosis is observed in kittens. In addition, cases of greying of the coat have been reported in subjects with a dark coat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0119f4f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0119f4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-639a770 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"639a770\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9433e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af9433e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vitamin B12 <br> (Cyanocobalamin)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eab08a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eab08a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da8e880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da8e880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><span lang=\"EN-GB\">It is essential for the synthesis of DNA and haemoglobin. Supplementation of this vitamin in sporting dogs, together with protein supplementation, can prevent stress induced anaemia. In contrast to other vitamins, the body has a significant reserve of vitamin B12, and it often takes a long period of time before any clinical signs of deficiency become visible. <strong>Avitaminosis can be congenital<\/strong>, as in the case of Giant Schnauzer and Border Collie breed dogs in which the deficiency of this vitamin is due to selective intestinal malabsorption of a hereditary nature, <strong>or secondary to chronic enteropathy or exocrine pancreatic\u00a0 insufficiency<\/strong>. <strong>Avitaminosis also causes anaemia, degeneration of nerve fibres and other abnormalities of the nervous system, leading to polyneuropathy.\u00a0 <\/strong>Secondarily to B12 avitaminosis, a folic acid deficiency may also occur.<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d987e6a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d987e6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbbcdbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dbbcdbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>More than vitamins<\/strong><\/h2><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to vitamins, many multivitamin products for dogs and cats also contain other active ingredients with different biological functions.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These include <strong>Toldimfos, an organic compound that is a source of phosphorus<\/strong>, an element of considerable importance to the animal organism because:<\/p><ul style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><li>it is one of the constituents of nucleic acids<\/li><li>it is contained in high quantities in the nervous tissue<\/li><li>participates in the mineralisation of bones.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>It is used to supplement phosphorus deficiencies either of dietary origin or due to increased catabolism.<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, Toldimfos also <strong>stimulates smooth muscles and cardiac muscles and results in improved fatigue resistance for skeletal muscles. <\/strong><\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its pharmacological action is largely attributable to its ability to improve the supply of carbohydrates to the tissues.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>In some veterinary drugs, vitamins are often combined with amino acids<\/strong>, including arginine, methionine and aspartic acid, <strong>and mineral salts.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d7df8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d7df8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h2><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Which multivitamin for dogs and cats? <\/span><\/strong><\/h2><\/div><div><p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Although multivitamin medicines are freely available in pharmacies without a veterinary prescription, it is always best to <strong>ask<\/strong> <strong>your veterinary doctor for advice first.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">As many multivitamins for dogs and cats are available on the market, your veterinarian, based on their experience and the patient&#8217;s clinical profile, can recommend the best product for each circumstance and <strong>provide important indications on dosage, frequency and duration of administration.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2beded7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2beded7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"products\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-446ca6d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"446ca6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce8c6b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce8c6b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff47ca9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff47ca9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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uael-imgicon-style-circle  infobox-has-photo uael-infobox-photo-above-title  uael-infobox-link-type-module\">\n\t<div class=\"uael-infobox-left-right-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/en\/medicinal-products-access-restricted\/\" class=\"uael-infobox-module-link\" aria-label=\"Infobox Link\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-infobox-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-module-content uael-imgicon-wrap \">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-image\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-image-content elementor-animation-grow \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Stimulfos-compresse.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5310\" alt=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Stimulfos-compresse.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Stimulfos-compresse-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.teknofarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Stimulfos-compresse-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uael-infobox-title-wrap'><h3 class=\"uael-infobox-title elementor-inline-editing\" data-elementor-setting-key=\"infobox_title\" data-elementor-inline-editing-toolbar=\"basic\" >Stimulfos<\/h3><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-infobox-text-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-infobox-text elementor-inline-editing\" data-elementor-setting-key=\"infobox_description\" data-elementor-inline-editing-toolbar=\"advanced\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a39241 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a39241\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8273a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8c8273a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b845fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b845fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Multivitamins Multivitamins for dogs and cats: a guide Just like humans, dogs and cats also need an adequate supply of vitamins to enjoy optimal health. It can be said that vitamins are the basis of life itself. Many are physiologically present in the body but can become deficient in stressful situations. 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